The journal encourages authors to notify the Editorial Office if they identify errors in published content, including authors’ names and affiliations, or if there are concerns regarding the legitimacy of a publication. In such cases, the journal will, in consultation with the Editor-in-Chief and authors, publish an Erratum or Corrigendum, or, if necessary, replace or retract the article. Corrections are classified as corrigenda (for author errors) or errata (for publisher errors).

In certain situations, retraction followed by republication may be considered appropriate when an article contains significant errors that substantially affect the interpretation of the findings or require extensive corrections throughout the manuscript. In such cases, the original article is not removed from the scholarly record. Instead, it remains accessible online with a clear “Retracted” watermark, while the corrected and republished version is issued separately. The republished article may include a detailed description or highlighted appendix outlining the changes made, allowing readers to clearly compare the original and revised versions. This approach helps maintain transparency while ensuring that the corrected scientific information is available to the research community.

Retractions represent an essential but relatively uncommon part of the scientific publishing process. They serve as a mechanism to correct the academic record and to inform readers about publications that contain serious flaws, unreliable data, or major errors that undermine the validity of the study’s findings and conclusions. Such issues may arise due to unintentional errors, methodological mistakes, or instances of research misconduct.

The primary purpose of a retraction is to maintain the accuracy and integrity of the scientific literature, rather than to penalize the authors. Retractions may be requested by the authors themselves or initiated by the journal editors when necessary. Each case is evaluated individually, and editorial decisions are often guided by the findings of investigations conducted by the authors’ affiliated institutions or relevant authorities.

All retracted articles will remain publicly available but will be clearly identified as retracted to ensure transparency. The journal will communicate retraction decisions openly and promptly to readers, following internationally recognized ethical standards, including the principles outlined in the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) guidelines.